Sunday, November 20, 2011

Why we do certain thing?

People do thing because they either (a) "need" it (financially, physically or spiritually), (b) enjoy it (physically or spiritually), (c) obliged to it (commitment to those you care or love) or any of the combination.

As far as possible we should avoid being over driven by (a) (beyond basic need) unless it eventually will lead to (b) or (c), and always try to strike a good balance between (b) and (c)....

Tuesday, October 04, 2011

How to choose an MBA program?

Some of my friends have been asking me about my personal experience in choosing an MBA program. I hereby make an attempt to write a short article about my thought in this subject. Hopefully it is useful to you.

MBA is a huge investment both in term of time and money. So it is important that you choose the right MBA program that best suits your personal goal. Personally I think the following decision process is quite useful.

Step One: Ask: Why do an MBA?

As making any other major decisions in life, the very first thing is to lay down the reasons why you want to do your MBA. In general, the clearer the answer of this question is, the easier it is for you to choose the right MBA later.

Some of the common reasons are:

1) Personal Advancement: For the sack of getting more knowledge, or for personal achievement.
2) Academic Advancement: For pure academic reasons. To prepare oneself for an academic career, or to qualify oneself for a PhD program.
3) Entrepreneur: To be better equip so that you can develop your own business better
4) Career Advancement: To move up the corporate ladder and earn more income.
5) Career Changes: To have a career change. There are two basic types of career change. Either you want to change your job portfolio (e.g. from Engineer to Manager) or you wan to change your industry (e.g. from Manufacturing to Investment Banking).

As different medicines are design to cure very different sickness, different MBA programs are also good for very different purposes. So do spend considerable amount of effort to know your own goal. The more precise your goals are, the better it is.

For example, if your goal is to have career advancement after your MBA program, it is not good enough to just say “I want to get a promotion after my MBA”. It is better if you can figure out something like “After my MBA, I want to get a middle management position in one of the top 5 investment banks in the world. I will like to work in foreign currency or future trading area, with special focus in the USA market. Ideally I will like to work in New York, Chicago or other major city in US. My starting yearly salary will be around US$50,000.”

This kind of precise and relatively comprehensive statement of purpose can be very helpful in choosing the right MBA program. For instance, if you know that you want to work in investment bank in New York, it does not make a lot of sense to do a MBA in Germany and major in operation management. Instead, you should try to find out which MBA program in New York are well known in their Finance courses, and try to get into the program.

Step Two: Design your decision criteria

Simply put, decision criteria are your personal guidelines in making a decision. These are some of the common decision criteria in choosing a MBA program.

1) Program Quality

I think the number one criteria are the program quality. Since you are planning to invest one to two years of your life in doing a MBA, it is important that you do not compromise on choosing a good quality MBA program (even it could means more financial investment). Needless to say, the quality of any MBA program is usually directly proportional to it price, duration and entrance requirement. For example, MIT Sloan MBA program take 2 years, cost US$62,000 (tuition fee alone), average 5 years working experiences and average GMAT score of 710 (which is extremely high). Despite the extremely expensive tuition fee, every year MIT Sloan still receives over 3000 application and they accept only about 300 students each year. Usually a candidate needs to apply at least 1 or 2 years in advance.

I know the MIT example sound a bit extreme, but my point is, when you are trying to manage your budget, it is important that you should only consider those MBA program that meet the minimum quality standard.

So you may ask, how do you know which MBA programs are good? In fact, there is a lot of useful information out there that deal with this subject. Basically those information sources can be classified into 3 major categories:

a) Business School Ranking by major newspapers and magazines

Some major newspapers and magazines publish their Business School Ranking every year. Usually those ranking are quite comprehensive and can serve as a very good guideline. Some of the most reputable ranking are:

Wall Street Journal Business School Ranking:

http://www.careerjournal.com/specialreports/bschoolguide/results.html

Financial Time Business School Ranking

http://ftcareerpoint.ft.com/BusinessEducation

BusinessWeek

http://www.businessweek.com/bschools/00/index.htm

Asiaweek

http://www.asiaweek.com/asiaweek/features/mba/

b) MBA Association or Accreditation Organization

There are few reputable MBA associations that give “quality certificate” to high quality MBA program. A good example will be the London based Associations of MBAs, which is probably THE accreditation body in Europe. Usually the good accreditation bodies are very strict in awarding their accreditation. So I will say school listed by them are usually very good. Some of the most reputable accreditation bodies are:

The Association of MBAs (focus in UK and Europe)

http://www.mba.org.uk/

European Foundation for Management Development (EFMD), (focus in Europe)

http://www.efmd.be/

Association to Advance Collegiate Schools of Business (AACSB), (focus in US)

http://www.aacsb.edu/acrdindx.html

Unfortunately I don’t know any MBA Accreditation body in Asia.

c) MBA Guide Book

Another good source of information will be books about MBA program. I think one of the best MBA guidebook is:

Which MBA?: A Critical Guide to the World's Best MBAS, By George Bickerstaffe

I think the book publish a new edition every year. So the information is very up-to-date.

2) Course Content

All good MBA programs have a lot of similarity in term of their core module structure. Basically they should cover the following subjects:

(a) Accounting and Finance
(b) Marketing Management
(c) Organization Management
(d) Human Resources Management
(e) Operational Management
(f) Quantitative Methods
(g) Economic
(h) Strategy Management

However, what differentiate each MBA program are their areas of specialization. Some schools are more famous in certain fields. For example, Thunderbird – The American Graduate School of International Management is famous for the International MBA program. So it is important that you choose the school that is famous in the field that you will like to specialize in.

3) Reputable Professors

Good Professors make all the different between a good class and a bad class. However, it is rather difficult to conduct research on the teaching team of each and every business school. But generally speaking, good University usually does attract and retain good professors. So you can’t get too wrong by selecting a good business school.

4) Infrastructure – Hard and Soft

Libraries, lecture rooms, computer facilities, sport facilities, student association, career services, internship, seminars, exchange programs and etc are all important factors in choosing the right business school.

5) Alumni Network

Good school will usually have strong alumni network, which can be a very valuable assets for you.

6) Timing and Duration

Unless you are willing to wait, otherwise timing could be another important decision criteria. Business schools around the world start their MBA program at very different time. For example, business schools in South East Asia usually start in early March, business school in China will start in May, and business school in Europe will start in August or early September.

I think nowadays majority of the full time MBA can be complete in one year. However most good MBA program in USA, and a few good MBA in Europe and Asia will last for 1 and half years to 2 years. So be prepared.

7) Part time and distance learning

If you can afford it, I will recommend you to do your MBA in a full time basis. You will be more focus and probably learn a lot more.

Unless it is absolutely unavoidable, I do not recommend doing your MBA via distance learning (if there is such a program). In fact, vast majorities of the MBA material can only be learn via class participation and group assignment. You will not able to learn a lot by just reading your material at home.

8) Macro Environment of your study environment

Actually many people overlook this very important decision criteria. As the matter of fact, the location of where you are going to study has a very strategy impact on your future career plan. There are many reasons for that:

a) Content structure: For any good MBA program, the content structure is usually shaped by the need of the local and regional business communities. In many cases, the quality of the MBA program usually is highly correlated with the level of sophistication of the local industry.
b) Learn from the community: Business is about knowing the latest development of your industry and market. If you have a choice, it makes sense to study in a city that is very strong in the field/industry that you are interested in. For example, students who are doing their E-commerce MBA in Silicon Valley will definitely have more exposure to the subjects than MBA students in Malaysia.
c) Future career opportunity: Although recruiters do travel around the regions to look for the very best brains, but usually you will still have a better career opportunity in where you get your MBA degree. So if you plan to work in China after your MBA, it is not a bad idea to consider doing your MBA in Shanghai.
d) Business networking: While you are doing your MBA, it is also a good opportunity to build your business network. In that sense, you should take that into consideration when you choose your MBA program.

9) Cost

Well….what else can I say on this? Everybody has to work within his or her own set of constraints, and money is certain one of them. But as I mentioned earlier, when you are trying to manage your budget, it is important that you do not compromise on the quality of the MBA program.

Step Three: Shortlist, Evaluate and Choose

If you have done enough homework on step 1 and 2, step 3 is relatively straightforward.

It is very important to note that every business schools around the world have very different semester term and application deadline, some even require their applications to submit their completed application form 6-8 months before the semester start. So in order to make sure that you have plenty of time to select and apply for the right MBA programs, I strongly advise you should plan at least 6 months or 1 year ahead.

Besides, to avoid unnecessary bottleneck during your application, you should take for your GMAT test as early as possible. You can obtains more information on GMAT test from
http://www.mba.com (not http://www.mba.org, which is the Mahavaipulya Buddhist Association web site : ) )

Although there are people arguing that all MBA degree are more or less the same, but based on my own observation, a good MBA degree from a famous business school do make a huge different both in term program quality and future prospect for graduates. This is especially true if your goal is to secure a promising job in a multinational company. So if you are qualified and if you can afford it, do go to Harvard Business School!

That’s all I have to say at the moment. If you need further advise, please feel free to contact me.

Good luck!

Tuesday, May 31, 2011

庄子,郭象之逍遥与真实的人生

水利专家黄万里先生坎坷艰苦,万般无奈,壮志未酬的一生确实让闻者对其不幸的遭遇感到心如绞割,万般遗憾。黄先生作为一名学贯中西,才华洋溢的爱国青年,在其风华正茂的全盛时期就开始被种种不合情理的人为因素屡次及长期的打压,迫害,甚至遭到非人道之对待。但黄先生即便是受到万般委屈,却总还是时刻心系百姓,顾全大局,不断去争取机会为人民和辜负了他的国家服务;即便得不到国家领导人的重视和重用,黄先生也还是义无反顾,坚持到底,直到其生命的最后一刻也不轻言放弃。如此铮铮风骨,着实令人好生敬佩。

其实类似黄万里先生那样的悲剧,在中国近代历史中(尤其是文革期间)常有发生;一些社会精英知识分子因不堪心灵和肉体上的折磨,甚至走上了自杀的不归路,而其中就有作家老舍,著名翻译家傅雷,中国科学院院士赵九章等才俊。这些不幸事件的发生,不禁让我们静心思考,究竟是哪种可怖的精神压力能让如此优秀的人才感到万念俱灰?而中华文明之中又是否有哪些宝贵的精神资源能为这些在严冬下已奄奄一息的心灵带来一阵春雨?

庄子在其所处的战国时代深刻的体会到现实生活的残酷无情,和人在面对不可改变的既定境遇(绝大部分都是悲惨不幸)时的万般无奈。在面对如此可怖而且挥之不去的精神压力之下,庄子提出了一套能让世人即便在现实生活中如何不堪,但却能在精神世界里得到逍遥的方法,可说是具有非常积极的现实意义。而像黄万里,老舍,傅雷 和赵九章等不幸的人,也应该能从庄子的智慧中找到生活中的一丝慰藉和希望。

依照庄子的理论,黄万里先生(或其他人)在面对其人生某些不可改变的既定境遇时可以尝试以平常心接受之,然后通过“齐物”“真知”的方法来淡化对周遭不如意的事之在意与执着,以求达到(或至少暂时达到)心灵上的平静和精神上的自由。我个人不但认为这在现实生活中是具有可行性的,而且还相信黄万里先生极其可能在应对其生命中无数次低潮时已有适当地运用到庄子(或类似庄子)的人生哲学;这可从他在三年的困难时期还能和妻子在清华宿舍院里种南瓜苦中作乐,及在受到不断责骂声当中还能忍辱负重的专心工作等等动人事迹中窥得一二。难怪他的同事沈英说:“他所遭受的压力非一般人所能承受,而在那样恶劣的处境下还能把心思集中到考虑国家大事上,实在是一般人所做不到的。”

但黄万里先生毕竟不是庄子;他心怀祖国,时时刻刻想着如何用他所学来治水抗洪,造福百姓。在这个伟大的前提之下,黄万里先生择善固执,坚持不懈,至死方休。因此他做不到,也不忍心做到如庄子般在精神上彻底的逍遥。但即便如此,庄子的哲学也能在其漫长的艰难岁月当中发挥适当的“保护作用”,尤其针对一些不影响其最高原则(即服务百姓)之攻击,毁誉和侮辱,庄子的哲学能帮助黄万里先生做到临危不乱,处变不惊,不动如山,泰山崩于前而不变于色。使其能在最大的可能性下保全性命,留得青山(在),可说是善莫大焉啊!

至于郭象的逍遥哲学,我个人认为其高度和格局都较庄子为低,可能会适合渴望安居乐业的普通老百姓,但未必会被黄万里,老舍,傅雷 和赵九章等社会精英所青睐。试想之,此等非常人物之所以能够在社会中出类拔萃,皆因他们对自己的能力和理想有较高的期望,不安于现状,努力突破自己,力争上游。而郭象的逍遥哲学则倡议万物应自足其性(满足于自己的性分),安于其性(顺天安命),满足于现实,不做非分之想,以求能达到逍遥的境界。但黄万里等人的心理纠结就正正是不满足于现实,故我认为郭象之学即便能带来逍遥,但黄万里之辈多半不屑为之;俗语说“宁为玉碎,不为瓦全”,指的就是这个意思啊。

论逍遥与自由

西方或现代自由理论的根基始于古希腊的“自然法”(Natural law),即宇宙万物依循着一套普遍理性规律(或自然法则),符合该规律的状态(包括人的生活方式)就是至真至善至美的状态。而万物在自然状态下是一种自由的状态,因此自由具有宝贵的内在价值。经过多年的发展,现代自由理论对“自由”一词也有了更深刻和广泛的认识,而其中较著名的美国哲学家法兰克福[1]就把自由区分为“行动自由”和“意志自由”[2]两大层次(唐孝威,黄华新)。简言之, 行动自由就是“能够依循自己的意愿去行动而不受内在或外来因素[3]所限制”;而意志自由[4]就是“能够自己决定自己的意愿”或“能过通过自己的高级意志(Higher-order volition)控制自己的低级意愿”[5]。拥有意志自由并不代表一定拥有行动自由, 而反之亦然[6]。美国哲学家凯恩[7]则将这两种层次的自由称之“浅层自由”和“深层自由”[8];而近代著名自由主义哲学家赛亚·伯林[9]也提出类似的“两种自由概念”,即主体因没受外来因素所限制而享有的“消极自由”,和主体拥有自主意志的积极自由[10]。(石元康)

庄子的逍遥虽然含有相当浓厚的“自由”意味,但庄子哲学之重点并非在于探讨自由的价值,自由的可能性或维护自由的制度等传统西方自由议题。庄子的哲学基础是建立于其对人生现实极其深刻的观察,了解到各种千丝万缕的因素造成了人生之无可奈何及命运之不可知不可干预的特性。换句话说,庄子对西方或现代自由理论里所谓的“行动自由”之实现之可能性(至少在庄子的时代)和其最终的现实效益之可控性[11],基本上是持怀疑甚至是否定态度的。因此庄子提倡人们应该接受人的局限和命运的不可抗拒性,在面对残酷的现实时与其怨天尤人,或企图螳臂当车,不如通过“齐物论”一文里所谈到的“齐物论”及“真知论”的观点来化解我们的成心,强调万物的自然本性[12],淡化世间万物的差异,以超越大小好坏是非对错等世俗标准和价值,从而坦然接受生命中的“既定境遇”,最终达到内在精神上的逍遥。从西方或现代自由理论的观点来解读,庄子的进路可说是通过人的“自由意志”能力(以“齐物真知”为基础的“高级意志”来解放其“有所求”的低级意志),以超脱其在现实生活中所面对的各种无奈和痛苦,从而获得内心的自由。

庄子生于兵荒马乱的战国中后期,当时的老百姓们大多过着朝不保夕的艰苦日子。在那种已失去理智和草菅人命的黑暗时代,个人就算拥有雄心壮志和通天本领也无法力挽狂澜,扭转乾坤;即便是鞠躬尽瘁,恐怕也只是徒然牺牲,无济于事罢了。庄子洞悉时势,了解到在这种乱世中保全可贵生命的重要性,于是提出了能让世人在乱世中保全性命和精神世界自由的方法,对当代而言可说是具有非常深刻的现实意义。就算是在今天,世界上也还有些国家(如中东和非洲等)都还是处于战乱或饥荒,即便是和平国家,人生不如意之事也比比皆是;在这些情况之下,庄子对人生“既定境遇”的解读和其逍遥之道,可说全人类宝贵的精神财富。

[1] Harry Gordon Frankfurt, 生于1929年,
[2] “Freedom of action” and “freedom of will”
[3]这里说的“内在或外来因素”,主要指的还是“后天或人为”因素而非“先天或自然”因素。如果某个人因为某些先天或自然因素而无法进行某些思考或行动,就西方或现代自由理论而言,那他充其然也只是没有进行某些思考或行动的能力或条件,而非没有进行某些思考或行动的自由。
[4]人是否有“自由意志”还是一个悬而未决,争议不断的议题。自由意志论认为人有形而上的自由,强硬决定论认为一切事物都由因果决定,而在这两个极端之间还有非决定论,致动理论,相容论,不相容论等等说法。
[5] 这和儒家所说的“大体”和“小体”有些类似。孟子,告子上:“公都子问曰:钧是人也,或为大人,或为小人,何也?”孟子曰:“从其大体为大人,从其小体为小人。。。”
[6] 动物虽拥有行动自由,但其意愿可能完全被欲望或本能所支配,而无法自主。
[7] Robert Hilary Kane,生于1938 年,
[8] “Surface freedom” and “deep freedom”
[9] Isaiah berlin,1909 – 1997
[10] “Two Concepts of Liberty”,“negative liberty” and “positive liberty”。
[11]即便拥有“行动自由”,人最终是否能主宰命运?
[12]庄子内篇之齐物论(民,鳅,猴最佳住处),庄子内篇之养生主(庖丁解牛),庄子内篇之应帝王(浑沌之死),庄子外篇之马蹄(伯乐制马)及庄子外篇之至乐(鲁侯御鸟)等等。。

从庄子之逍遥到郭象之逍遥

庄子之逍遥理论源自于庄子对人生一切无可奈何之“既定境遇”的深刻认识和无奈接受,进而把其精力转向于对更高精神境界的追求。庄子在《庄子内篇》之〈逍遥游〉里通过鲲鹏和蜩与学鸠的寓言,明确的表明了他对广大无穷的精神境界存在之肯定和向往;而要达到这种超脱的精神境界,就必须依赖深厚的德性和人生智慧[1],即便面对荣辱毁誉而不惊[2]。庄子也于“之二虫又何知!”暗讽一般人对鲲鹏之志的不解和无知之处[3]。要知道一般人看似大而无用之物,在有识之士眼中却能是妙用无穷 [4]。在《庄子内篇》之〈齐物论〉中, 庄子进一步通过“齐物”和“真知”的概念,淡化世间万物在世俗的价值和标准下所产生的差别,以超越世俗思想的束缚,进入逍遥的精神境界。

郭象的《庄子注》虽然标明是一本注释庄子原文的著作,但郭象在解释庄子的核心思想,如 “逍遥”和“齐物”时就明显植入原文以外的思想,有严重曲解庄子原意之嫌。首先,郭象认为世间万物都有自己的本性(天性),而各个本性也都有各自的局限[5]。虽然世间万物不一,但各自都有自己的性分和位置; 只要能顺着万物天然的性分,让其能够恰如其分的发挥其所能,那就无所谓胜负高低,而万物皆能逍遥[6]。 从郭象的思路,〈逍遥游〉中鲲鹏和蜩与学鸠的寓言被郭象解读为大鹏没有理由认为自己的境界比小鸟的境界还高,而小鸟也没有必要羡慕天池的种种好处,虽然大鹏和小鸟的大小不一,但逍遥的境界是一样的[7]。此外,郭象还认为万物的性分是上天赋予且无法改变的[8],故万物应自足其性(满足于自己的性分),安于其性(顺天安命),不做非分之想,那就能达到逍遥的境界。

如此看来,庄子的逍遥和郭象的逍遥确实有着天渊之别。 庄子的逍遥强调的是接受人生的既定境遇,彻底看透世俗标准下的所谓高低差别,进而体会万物之共性,最终进入无差别境界,对万物无所期待(无待)而达到精神上的逍遥。在达到逍遥的方法和功夫上,庄子的进路有相当高的个人修养要求,故一般只有少数至人才能达到庄子所说的逍遥境界。反之,郭象的逍遥则强调接受万物的差别,无论是有待或无待,只要能满足于自己的性分,顺天安命,那万物都能得到各自的逍遥。

庄子和郭象在理论上的分歧主要是来自于郭象对庄子原文的“深度解读”,即郭象在注释庄子原文中引入了相对大量庄子原文中所没有的思想和理论。当然,在注释过程中引入原文所没有的思想和理论也未必就一定犯了扭曲原文的错误,这还要取决于新引入的思想是否和原文有矛盾,或是否有助于解决原文中原有的矛盾等等考虑。就郭象注庄子一案而言,庄子原文中的概念本来相对不太明确或不太一致,而郭象的“深度解读”就仿如把一盘散乱的珍珠用一根线给串连了起来,让读者感觉全文相对前后贯通,一气呵成。遗憾的是郭象的“深度解读”中的主要思想内容和庄子原文中最基本且明显的核心思想几乎是南辕北辙,无论是在境界上和方法上都大相径庭,让人难以认同郭象所言就是庄子的原意。故一般相信郭象在注释庄子中很大程度上注入了其自身的思想体系。但究竟郭象是无意还是有意为之,则非本文能讨论的范围之内了。

[1]庄子内篇之逍遥游:“。。。且夫水之积也不厚,则其负大舟也无力。覆杯水于坳堂之上,则芥为之舟,置杯焉则胶,水浅而舟大也。风之积也不厚,则其负大翼也无力。。”
[2]庄子内篇之逍遥游:“。。。且举世誉之而不加劝,举世非之而不加沮,定乎内外之分,辩乎荣辱之境,斯已矣。。。”
[3]庄子内篇之逍遥游:“ 。。。之二虫又何知!小知不及大知,小年不及大年。奚以知其然也?朝菌不知晦朔,蟪蛄不知春秋,此小年也。楚之南有冥灵者,以五百岁为春,五百岁为秋;上古有大椿者,以八千岁为春,八千岁为秋。而彭祖乃今以久特闻,众人匹之,不亦悲乎!”
[4]庄子内篇之逍遥游:“ 。。。今子有五石之瓠,何不虑以为大樽而浮于江湖,而忧其瓠落无所容?则夫子犹有蓬之心也夫!” 及“。。。今子有大树,患其无用,何不树之于无何有之乡,广莫之野,彷徨乎无为其侧,逍遥乎寝卧其下?不夭斤斧,物无害者,无所可用,安所困苦哉!”
[5]郭象《庄子注》之逍遥义:“。物各有性,性各有极,皆如年如,岂跂尚之所及哉!。。”
[6]郭象《庄子注》之逍遥义:“夫小大虽殊,而放于自得之场,物任其性,事称其能,各当其分,逍遥一也,岂容胜负于其间哉!”
[7]郭象《庄子注》之逍遥义:“苟足以其性,则虽大鹏无以自贵于小鸟,小鸟无羡于天池,而荣愿有余矣。故小大虽殊,逍遥一也。
[8]郭象《庄子注》之养生主注:“天性所受,各有本分,不可逃,亦不可加”